In the realm of sports performance, understanding the intricate interplay between physical exertion and mental state is paramount. Sports performance is not just about physical strength and endurance; it’s also about mental resilience and overall well-being. 

While the Borg RPE scale has long been a reliable indicator of perceived exertion, it doesn’t fully capture the emotional nuances that influence athletic endeavors. This is where the Rejeski Feeling Scale (FS) emerges as a valuable tool for athletes and coaches seeking to enhance performance and wellbeing. 

This approach to mood tracking, when incorporated into training sessions, offers a holistic perspective on an athlete’s experience, contributing to both performance enhancement and overall well-being.

Understanding the Rejeski Feeling Scale

Developed by Dr. W. Jack Rejeski, the Rejeski Feeling Scale is a subjective measure of how an individual feels during or after a physical activity. It is a simple yet powerful tool that allows athletes to express their emotions and perceptions, providing valuable insights into the psychological impact of their training. The scale ranges from -5 to +5, with negative values indicating negative emotions (e.g., fatigue, stress) and positive values representing positive emotions (e.g., enjoyment, exhilaration).

Complementing the Borg RPE Scale

While the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale has long been a staple in assessing physical exertion during exercise, the Rejeski Feeling Scale complements it by addressing the emotional and psychological aspects of training. While the Borg RPE Scale focuses on physical effort, the Rejeski Feeling Scale delves into the athlete’s emotional experience, providing a more comprehensive picture of their overall well-being.

By combining the Borg RPE Scale with the Rejeski Feeling Scale, athletes and coaches gain a more nuanced understanding of training sessions. This 360-degree perspective enables them to identify patterns and correlations between physical exertion, emotional responses, and overall performance. The result is a more tailored and effective approach to training that considers not only the body but also the mind.

Benefits for Sports Performance and Well-being:

1. Optimizing Training Programs: The Rejeski Feeling Scale helps coaches tailor training programs based on individual emotional responses. By understanding how athletes feel during and after specific activities, coaches can adjust intensity, duration, and recovery periods to maximize performance gains while minimizing emotional stress.

2. Early Detection of Burnout Monitoring the emotional well-being of athletes can serve as an early warning system for burnout or overtraining. The scale allows coaches to detect signs of mental fatigue or emotional strain, prompting timely adjustments to prevent long-term negative effects on performance and well-being.

3. Enhancing Motivation and Enjoyment: By acknowledging and addressing the emotional component of training, athletes are more likely to stay motivated and engaged. Training sessions that elicit positive emotional responses contribute to a more enjoyable overall experience, fostering a love for the sport and long-term commitment.

Implementation Strategies

1. Regular Integration into Training Sessions: Incorporate the Rejeski Feeling Scale as a standard practice at the end of each training session. Athletes can quickly rate their emotional experience, providing valuable data for coaches to analyze.

2. Feedback and Communication: Encourage open communication between coaches and athletes regarding their emotional experiences. This dialogue fosters a supportive environment and allows for adjustments to training plans based on individual needs.

3. Long-Term Tracking: Establish a system for long-term tracking of emotional responses. Analyzing trends over time provides valuable insights into an athlete’s emotional well-being, allowing for proactive adjustments to training programs.

Conclusion

The Rejeski Feeling Scale represents a groundbreaking approach to enhancing athletic performance by recognizing the interconnectedness of physical and emotional well-being. By integrating this innovative tool into training routines, athletes and coaches can unlock a deeper understanding of the psychological aspects of performance, ultimately leading to more effective and fulfilling training experiences. Embracing the Rejeski Feeling Scale is not just a step towards better performance; it’s a leap towards a holistic approach to sports that prioritizes both the body and the mind.

SELFLOOPS has integrated the Feeling Scale on the website and smartphone applications.

References

Hardy, C. J., & Rejeski, W. J. (1989). Not What, but How One Feels: The Measurement of Affect during Exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 304-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.3.304

Rejeski, W. J. (1981). The Perception of Exertion: A Social Psychophysiological Integration. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3(4), 305-320. Retrieved Nov 24, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.3.4.305

In the realm of competitive sports, the physical prowess of athletes often takes center stage. However, psychological factors, particularly mood and emotional state, play a pivotal role in determining an athlete’s performance and overall well-being. Here, we delve into the Visual Analogue Mood Scales (VAMS) – a tool that’s increasingly gaining traction among athletes and coaches for its effectiveness in monitoring and enhancing mental states.

What is Visual Analogue Mood Scales (VAMS)?

VAMS is a psychological assessment tool designed to gauge an individual’s mood state. Unlike traditional mood questionnaires that rely on fixed responses, VAMS uses a visual approach. It typically consists of a series of lines or sliders marked with contrasting mood states at each end (e.g., happy vs. sad, energized vs. tired). Athletes indicate their current mood by marking a point on the line that best represents their feeling.

The outcome of using VAMS can be multifaceted:

1. Immediate Mood Assessment: It provides an immediate snapshot of an athlete’s mood, which can be critical in a high-performance sports setting.
2. Trend Analysis: Over time, VAMS can help in identifying mood patterns, highlighting periods of stress, fatigue, or emotional well-being.
3. Informed Decision Making: Coaches can use this data to tailor training programs, competition schedules, and recovery periods.
4. Enhanced Communication: It serves as a communication tool between athletes and coaches, fostering a better understanding of the athlete’s psychological state.

Why VAMS is Useful for Sports Performance

1. Predicts Performance: Mood states can be strong predictors of performance. Positive moods often correlate with better performance, while negative moods can be a warning sign of potential underperformance.
2. Monitors Overtraining: It helps in detecting early signs of overtraining and burnout, which are critical for long-term athlete development.
3. Customized Training: Coaches can customize training based on mood states, optimizing both physical and mental preparedness.
4. Psychological Well-being: Regular monitoring of mood can contribute to the overall psychological well-being of athletes, which is essential for peak performance.

How Coaches and Athletes Can Use VAMS

1. Regular Monitoring: Incorporate VAMS into the daily or weekly routine. This regular check-in can provide valuable insights into an athlete’s psychological state.
2. Pre and Post-Competition Analysis: Use VAMS before and after competitions to gauge the impact of competitive stress and recovery status.
3. Tailored Interventions: Based on VAMS data, implement psychological interventions like mindfulness, relaxation techniques, or motivational strategies.
4. Open Communication: Use the VAMS as a conversation starter for deeper discussions about an athlete’s mental health and coping strategies.
5. Training Adjustments: Modify training loads and intensity based on mood states, optimizing performance while reducing the risk of mental fatigue.

Conclusion

The Visual Analogue Mood Scales offer a simple yet effective way for athletes and coaches to tap into the psychological aspects of sports performance. By regularly utilizing VAMS, teams can foster a more holistic approach to training, where mental health is given as much priority as physical fitness. This can lead to not only improved performance but also a more sustainable and fulfilling athletic career.

Remember, while physical skills get you in the game, it’s often the mental strength that sets champions apart. Embrace VAMS as a tool to harness this strength!

SELFLOOPS has integrated the Visual Analogue Mood Scales (VAMS) on the website and smartphone applications.

References

van Rijsbergen GD, Bockting CL, Berking M, Koeter MW, Schene AH. Can a one-item mood scale do the trick? Predicting relapse over 5.5-years in recurrent depression. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46796. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046796. Epub 2012 Oct 3. PMID: 23056456; PMCID: PMC3463530.

In the world of sports, where physical prowess and strategic finesse often take center stage, the role of emotions is sometimes overlooked. However, understanding and managing emotions can significantly impact an athlete’s performance and overall well-being. One valuable tool for evaluating emotional states is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a psychological instrument designed to measure both positive and negative affectivity. In this blog post, we’ll explore what PANAS is, its outcomes, and why it’s a crucial resource for athletes and coaches looking to enhance sports performance.

What is PANAS?

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a widely used psychological tool designed to assess an individual’s affective or emotional states. It measures two primary dimensions: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Positive affect refers to the extent to which an individual experiences positive emotions such as joy, enthusiasm, and alertness, while negative affect gauges the presence of negative emotions like fear, anger, and distress.

The Outcome of PANAS:

PANAS provides a quantitative measure of an individual’s emotional profile, offering insights into the overall balance between positive and negative emotions. The results yield a comprehensive overview of emotional well-being, helping athletes and coaches identify patterns, trends, and areas that may require attention.

The PANAS is crucial for understanding the impact of emotions on athletic performance. A strong understanding of an athlete’s emotional state can help coaches identify potential areas of concern and develop strategies to optimize their performance.

Positive affect has been shown to enhance motivation, focus, and self-confidence, all of which are essential for peak performance. Negative affect, on the other hand, can lead to distractions, decreased motivation, and impaired decision-making. By monitoring an athlete’s PA and NA scores, coaches can identify potential emotional barriers to performance and implement strategies to mitigate their impact

How Can the PANAS Be Used to Enhance Performance?

PANAS can help athletes get into an ideal performance state. Emotions profoundly influence how we think, behave, and perform under pressure. PANAS scores allow fine-tuning of mindset. For example, athletes can use techniques like visualization, self-talk, and music to shift affect and build resilience.

For coaches, PANAS metrics indicate when added support may help struggling athletes. Trends also reveal if training programs are hitting the mark both physically and psychologically or need reevaluation. Basically, PANAS provides an emotional barometer to guide decisions.

The PANAS can be used in a variety of ways to enhance athletic performance and overall well-being:

Pre-game Assessment: The PANAS can be used as a pre-game assessment tool to gauge an athlete’s emotional state before competition. This information can then be used to inform warm-up routines, mental preparation strategies, and overall game plans.

Monitoring Emotional Trends: Regular PANAS assessments can help athletes and coaches track emotional trends over time. This can identify potential triggers for negative affect and allow for proactive interventions to manage emotions and maintain peak performance.

Individualized Strategies: The PANAS results can be used to develop personalized strategies for each athlete. For instance, an athlete with low PA scores may benefit from mindfulness exercises or positive self-talk techniques, while an athlete with high NA scores may require strategies for stress management or relaxation techniques.

Coaches can utilize the PANAS to:

Identify Emotional Patterns: By analyzing PANAS data from their team, coaches can identify team-wide emotional patterns and develop group-based interventions to enhance overall team morale and performance.

Personalized Feedback: Coaches can provide individualized feedback to athletes based on their PANAS scores, helping them understand their emotional tendencies and develop strategies to manage their emotions effectively.

Emotional Coaching: Coaches can integrate emotional coaching techniques into their training sessions, teaching athletes mindfulness, relaxation, and self-regulation skills to manage their emotions effectively.

Conclusion

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a powerful tool that goes beyond the physical aspects of sports, delving into the realm of emotions. Athletes and coaches who embrace PANAS as part of their training toolkit can unlock the potential for improved performance, enhanced well-being, and a more resilient mindset. By harnessing the power of emotions, athletes can transcend the boundaries of physical prowess and reach new heights in their sporting endeavors.

SELFLOOPS has integrated the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) on the website and smartphone applications.

References

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

In the world of sports, understanding and optimizing psychological factors can be the key to unlocking an athlete’s full potential. Coaches and athletes alike are constantly seeking ways to enhance performance and well-being. One valuable tool in this pursuit is the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form, the I-PANAS-SF, a psychological assessment that provides valuable insights into emotional experiences. In this blog post, we will explore what I-PANAS-SF is, how it compares to the PANAS, and why it is a crucial asset for athletes and coaches aiming to improve sports performance and overall well-being.

What is the I-PANAS-SF?

The I-PANAS-SF, developed by Edmund Thompson, is a shortened, 10-item version of the original PANAS scale. The I-PANAS-SF, like its predecessor, yields two distinct scores: Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA). However, the I-PANAS-SF is more concise, featuring a reduced number of items while maintaining its reliability and validity.

The validated scale consists of two 5-item mood scales: one for positive affect (e.g. active, inspired) and one for negative affect (e.g. afraid, nervous). Participants self-report the extent they experienced each mood state, allowing easy snapshot measurements of key attitudinal dimensions.

Unlike lengthier assessments, the brevity of the I-PANAS-SF is particularly advantageous for busy athletes and coaches, allowing for regular assessments without a significant time commitment. This enhancement in efficiency makes I-PANAS-SF a valuable update for those looking to integrate psychological assessments seamlessly into their training routines.

Why is I-PANAS-SF Useful for Sports Performance?

Positive emotions, such as excitement, enthusiasm, and optimism, can enhance an athlete’s motivation, focus, and resilience in the face of challenges. Conversely, negative emotions, such as anxiety, nervousness, and anger, can hinder performance by disrupting concentration, interfering with decision-making, and increasing the risk of injury. By regularly assessing an athlete’s emotional state using the I-PANAS-SF, coaches can gain valuable insights into their mental preparedness and identify areas that require intervention.

Using I-PANAS-SF for Performance Enhancement:

Mood Tracking and Intervention:

• Athletes should incorporate regular I-PANAS-SF assessments into their routine to track emotional trends and make informed adjustments to training plans. This monitoring provides insights into emotional fluctuations, helping athletes recognize patterns and identify potential triggers for both positive and negative emotions. 
• Coaches can use the I-PANAS-SF results to assess the emotional impact of specific training drills, tactical strategies, or game situations.
• Coaches can identify patterns in athletes’ mood fluctuations and proactively address any underlying concerns that may be affecting performance.

Feedback and Goal Setting:

• Coaches can use I-PANAS-SF results as a basis for feedback discussions with athletes. Collaboratively setting emotional well-being goals can contribute to overall performance improvement. 
• Coaches can use the I-PANAS-SF to provide athletes with constructive feedback on their mental preparedness and emotional regulation skills.
• Athletes can reflect on their mood ratings and identify areas for improvement, using the I-PANAS-SF as a tool for developing mental toughness and resilience.
• Athletes can monitor their mood and identify situations that boost or hinder their motivation, allowing them to adjust their strategies accordingly.

Tailored Training and Recovery Strategies:

• Coaches can leverage I-PANAS-SF data to tailor training sessions and recovery strategies based on an athlete’s emotional profile. For instance, an athlete experiencing high negative affect may benefit from relaxation techniques or additional recovery time.

Integrating Mental Skills Training:

• Athletes can use I-PANAS-SF results to identify areas for improvement and integrate mental skills training, such as visualization, mindfulness, or goal-setting, into their preparation routines.

Enhanced Self-Awareness:

• By regularly engaging with the I-PANAS-SF, athletes develop heightened self-awareness. This awareness empowers them to proactively manage their emotional states, fostering resilience and adaptability in the face of challenges.

Improved Team Dynamics:

• In team sports, understanding the emotional states of individual players contributes to building a cohesive and supportive team environment. Coaches can use I-PANAS-SF insights to foster effective communication and collaboration among team members.

Conclusion

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule I-PANAS-SF serves as a powerful tool for athletes and coaches alike, offering a streamlined and effective way to assess emotional experiences in the context of sports performance. By integrating I-PANAS-SF into training routines, athletes can enhance their self-awareness, optimize emotional well-being, and ultimately unlock their full potential on the field or court. Coaches, armed with valuable insights from I-PANAS-SF assessments, can tailor their coaching strategies to create an environment that fosters both athletic success and overall well-being. In the pursuit of excellence, the I-PANAS-SF stands as a beacon, guiding athletes and coaches toward a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between emotions and sports performance.

SELFLOOPS has integrated the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (I-PANAS-SF) on the website and smartphone applications.

References

Thompson, E. R. (2007). Development and Validation of an Internationally Reliable Short-Form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227-242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297301

In the world of sports, achieving peak performance goes beyond physical prowess; understanding and optimizing mental well-being is equally crucial. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) emerges as a valuable tool, offering athletes and coaches a deeper insight into the psychological aspects of sports performance. In this blog post, we will delve into what the BRUMS is, its outcomes, and why it proves indispensable for enhancing both athletic prowess and overall well-being.

What is BRUMS?

The Brunel Mood Scale, developed by Dr. Terry Magill and his team at Brunel University, is a psychometric tool designed to assess mood states in athletes. It contains 24 simple mood descriptors like “angry,” “uncertain,” and “miserable.” Athletes self-report on a scale of 0-4 how much they relate to each mood descriptor based on how they feel at the present moment.

The BRUMS measures six identifiable mood factors: tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. Athletes rate their feelings on a scale to provide a comprehensive overview of their emotional states.

The Outcomes: Decoding the Athlete’s Mind

1. Tension: Reflects feelings of nervousness and unease. High tension levels can impair concentration and coordination, affecting performance negatively.

2. Depression: Measures the extent of athletes feeling downhearted or dejected. Identifying signs of depression is crucial for early intervention and support.

3. Anger: Gauges the intensity of feelings associated with hostility and irritability. Unresolved anger can lead to decreased focus and team cohesion.

4. Vigor: Indicates an athlete’s sense of energy and enthusiasm. High vigor levels are associated with optimal performance and overall well-being.

5. Fatigue: Assesses the perception of tiredness and exhaustion. Monitoring fatigue is vital for preventing overtraining and burnout.

6. Confusion: Measures the athlete’s cognitive state. Reducing confusion enhances decision-making and mental clarity during crucial moments.

Why is it Useful for Sports Performance?

The BRUMS gives athletes and coaches an objective snapshot of the athlete’s mood state. The scores help identify which mood factors may be impairing or enhancing performance. For example, higher scores in fatigue, tension, depression, and anger are usually detrimental. Higher scores in vigor and lower scores in confusion tend to be associated with better performance.

In team sports, comparing BRUMS profiles can reveal differences in mood states among team members – useful information for coaches in planning practices and lineups. The BRUMS can also quantitatively track fluctuations in mood over time related to training cycles, competitions, injuries, life events, and other challenges.

What Insights Does the BRUMS Provide?

1. Early Detection of Mental Health Issues: The BRUMS allows athletes and coaches to identify signs of mood-related issues such as depression and stress, enabling timely intervention and support.

2. Optimizing Training Plans: By understanding an athlete’s mood states, coaches can tailor training programs to align with their mental and emotional well-being. This helps prevent overtraining and ensures optimal performance.

3. Enhancing Team Dynamics: Recognizing mood patterns in athletes can aid coaches in fostering a positive team environment. Addressing issues such as anger and confusion can improve communication and team cohesion.

4. Maximizing Mental Toughness: Athletes who are aware of their mood states can develop strategies to enhance mental resilience. This self-awareness is a key component of mental toughness, a crucial attribute for success in competitive sports.

How Coaches and Athletes Can Utilize the BRUMS

Athletes can use the BRUMS to self-monitor mood fluctuations and relate these to their training, sleep, nutrition, recovery, and personal lives. Understanding mood states and their triggers can help athletes appropriately modulate their training, refine pre-performance routines, or flag potential issues requiring intervention.

Coaches can administer BRUMS tests to monitor team mood profiles. Low vigor and high negative mood scores may prompt adjusting training loads and recovery times. If negative moods are associated with certain athletes, positions, or points in the season, coaches can use that data to inform decisions and create targeted interventions if warranted.

These are some of the ways the BRUMS can be used:

1. Regular Assessments: Conduct regular BRUMS assessments to track mood fluctuations. This provides valuable data for identifying trends and implementing targeted interventions.

2. Communication and Support: Create an open dialogue between athletes and coaches to discuss the results of BRUMS assessments. This fosters a supportive environment and encourages athletes to seek help when needed.

3. Incorporate Mental Skills Training: Use BRUMS outcomes to tailor mental skills training programs. Techniques such as mindfulness, visualization, and relaxation exercises can be customized based on an athlete’s specific mood profile.

4. Individualized Recovery Plans: Adjust recovery strategies based on an athlete’s fatigue levels. This ensures that rest and recuperation are aligned with an individual’s needs, preventing burnout and injury.

Conclusion

The Brunel Mood Scale is a powerful tool that goes beyond physical performance, unlocking the door to the athlete’s mental landscape. By utilizing the BRUMS, athletes and coaches can enhance overall well-being, optimize training strategies, and pave the way for peak athletic performance. It’s time to acknowledge the intricate relationship between mind and body, recognizing that true excellence in sports requires a harmonious blend of both.

SELFLOOPS has integrated the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) on the website and smartphone applications.

References

P.C Terry, A.M Lane, G.J Fogarty, Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States— Adolescents for use with adults, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 125-139, ISSN 1469-0292, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00035-8

Peter C. Terry , Andrew M. Lane , Helen J. Lane & Lee Keohane (1999), Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents, Journal of Sports Sciences, 17:11, 861 872, DOI: 10.1080/026404199365425